Image Analysis Software
Compelling technical articles are enhanced by informative images.
Translating subjective digital images from clinical studies to quantifiable results requires specialized software. Authors who do not develop their own may turn to open-source solutions with documented heuristics. Commercial software and commissioned custom development are additional options.

Image Morphology
Morphological operations are often performed on images after thresholding to a binary image. See erosion and dila-tion, closings and openings.

Measurement
A wide variety of grids can be generated for manual or automatic counting and stereological interpretation.
Software Rules
Requirements for each study are diverse. Rather than attempt to support all claims with identical methodology, a suite of over 100 utilities for analyzing images is available.

How does one average the distance between cells photographed in a petri dish? What is the mean diameter or quantity of elements for a given area? Has a critical high-resolution photo supporting clinical data ever been out of focus? Essential information remains but is spread out. Removing the blur to recover the original image is called deconvolution. The Pen Rules can recommend to its clientele software that resolves such issues.